Differential fuzzing is a guided randomized testing technique that compares the behavior of two or more implementations of the same specification on the same input; an implementation is flagged as potentially erroneous when its outputs or behaviors diverge from another implementation's on that input. It replaces traditional fuzzer oracles such as crashes, hangs, or unsound memory accesses with a difference oracle, and has been applied to cryptography, complex format parsers (e.g., PDF, ELF), CPU instruction decoder testing, CPU RTL fuzzing, side-channel detection in Java libraries, and functional equivalence checking of LLM-generated code refactorings.

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