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Bare-Metal Execution

Concept

Bare-metal execution is a mode in which verification software runs directly on a silicon prototype without an operating system, debuggers, device drivers, or other system software. It is commonly used in post-silicon validation during early bring-up, when prototypes are unstable and cannot yet boot an OS. This execution mode imposes unique constraints on tools—including limited observability, the absence of I/O services, the need for on-platform self-sufficiency, and reliance on lightweight checking methods such as multi-pass consistency checking—and is used by tools such as Threadmill and supported by instruction-accurate simulators like ExactStep.

First seen 7/9/2026
Last seen 7/10/2026
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Bare-Metal Execution

Definition and Context

In post-silicon hardware validation, bare-metal execution describes a mode in which verification software runs directly on the silicon prototype without the support of an operating system, debuggers, device drivers, or other system software [1]. Because early silicon prototypes are typically unstable and lack a complete software stack, bare-metal execution is often the only option available to bring-up engineers, and tools intended to run in this mode must be deployed "in the very early stages of the post-silicon validation effort when the OS cannot yet be run on the system" [2].

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RELATIONSHIPS

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Threadmill ← implements 100% 2e
Threadmill is explicitly described as a bare-metal exerciser.
ExactStep ← uses 95% 1e
ExactStep is used to run bare-metal executables compiled for supported ISAs.

CITATIONS

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7 citations — click to expand
[1] Bare-metal execution means running verification software directly on a silicon prototype without an operating system, debuggers, device drivers, or other system software. Threadmill: A Post-Silicon Exerciser for Multi-Threaded Processors
[2] Bare-metal tools must be deployed in the very early stages of post-silicon validation when the OS cannot yet run on the system and operations such as reading files from an I/O device are not supported. Threadmill: a post-silicon exerciser for multi-threaded processors
[3] Bare-metal systems have no OS services, offer real-time execution speed but low dynamic observability, and have high overhead for loading and offloading memory and state information; some platforms (e.g., on-wafer) provide very limited memory for programs and data. Threadmill: a post-silicon exerciser for multi-threaded processors
[4] A bare-metal exerciser, once loaded on silicon, will generate, execute, and check tests indefinitely without further interaction with the environment. Threadmill: a post-silicon exerciser for multi-threaded processors
[5] The on-platform test generation engine must be fast and light compared to pre-silicon verification technologies, and checking must rely on simple methods such as multi-pass consistency checking and user-specified self-checking procedures. Threadmill: a post-silicon exerciser for multi-threaded processors
[6] Heavy generation tasks such as floating-point operand generation are performed off-platform; their results are embedded as pre-computed operand-sets in the exerciser image. Threadmill: a post-silicon exerciser for multi-threaded processors
[7] ExactStep is an instruction-accurate instruction set simulator that is used to run bare-metal executables compiled for supported ISAs (RISC-V, MIPS, ARM-v6m). ultraembedded/exactstep