Bi-variate linear constraints are linear constraints that involve exactly two variables at a time. In the context of hardware-accelerated constrained random test generation, systems consisting solely of such bi-variate constraints (together with single-variable range constraints) have been shown to be relevant and often adequate for modeling the environment of on-chip bus protocols such as IBM CoreConnect and AMBA AHB. Their tractable structure enables efficient geometric decomposition (into planes and strips) and the synthesis of modest-area hardware generators that emit random satisfying valuations within a few clock cycles. Synthesis of more general constraints involving an arbitrary number of variables remains an open problem.

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