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AES Key Schedule

Concept

The AES Key Schedule is the key-expansion procedure that derives round keys from the AES master key and is widely modeled and targeted in fault-based and side-channel analyses of AES-128 implementations.

First seen 7/6/2026
Last seen 7/6/2026
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WIKI

AES Key Schedule

Overview

The AES key schedule is the component of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) that expands a master key into a sequence of round keys used by the cipher's data-processing rounds. In AES-128, the schedule generates 11 round keys (including the initial key) from the 128-bit master key, and the same expansion structure is reused (with different round counts) for AES-192 and AES-256.

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RELATIONSHIPS

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μARCHIFI ← evaluates 100% 2e
μARCHIFI is evaluated on the AES key schedule use case.
Differential Fault Analysis ← uses 95% 1e
Differential fault analysis targets the AES key schedule to retrieve key information.
Tiny AES ← uses 80% 1e
Tiny AES implements the AES key schedule.

CITATIONS

4 sources
4 citations — click to collapse
[1] The AES key schedule is targeted by Differential Fault Analysis (Takahashi et al. 2007; Ali and Mukhopadhyay 2011). µArchiFI: Formal Modeling and Verification Strategies for Microarchitectural Fault Injections
[2] Use Case III in µARCHIFI analyzes a 128-bit AES KeySchedule program compiled with -Os on the Ibex core, with attacker goal φIII := (9th Round key byte = 0) under combinational reset faults in the EX stage and a budget of N = 2, resulting in φ unreachable. µArchiFI: Formal Modeling and Verification Strategies for Microarchitectural Fault Injections
[3] The Tiny AES implementation by kokke provides the AES key schedule analyzed in the µARCHIFI case study. µArchiFI: Formal Modeling and Verification Strategies for Microarchitectural Fault Injections
[4] Recent work models the AES key schedule as a computational graph and uses a neural message-passing network to recover AES master keys from corrupted cold-boot memory, outperforming prior cold-boot attack methods. Recovering AES Keys with a Deep Cold Boot Attack