**Design-independent verification** is a formal hardware verification approach in which verification properties are not tightly coupled to a specific implementation or microarchitectural design. In the processor-verification context, recent work describes this idea through *universal properties* such as self-consistency properties and tautology-induced properties, which aim to reduce the effort required to formulate design-specific specifications.[a5ab8596-f9a5-48c2-8d42-b71a993e3e54]

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