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BMC Completeness Threshold

Concept

In bounded model checking (BMC), the completeness threshold CT is a depth value such that, for properties over a state set ψ, if the corresponding BMC instance becomes unsatisfiable, one can guarantee that no counterexample exists at any depth beyond the explored one. Hybrid model checking (HMC) leverages this notion by combining frontier-set-based state traversal with path-based reasoning that uses CT as a completeness criterion.

First seen 7/30/2026
Last seen 7/30/2026
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BMC Completeness Threshold

In bounded model checking (BMC), unrolling the transition relation up to depth k produces a formula $BMC_{k,k+d}(\psi, \phi)$ whose satisfiability witnesses a counterexample trace of length up to k + d. As k grows, more potential counterexamples are exposed, but unbounded verification is impossible without additional machinery.

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The paper uses BMC completeness threshold as a completeness criterion for path-based reasoning.

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[1] The BMC completeness threshold CT is used in HMC as a completeness criterion for path-based reasoning, expressed via the unsatisfiability of LFP_{k,k+d} which is BMC_{k,k+d} augmented with a no-self-loop predicate over states k ≤ i < j ≤ k+d. Efficient State Space Exploration: Interleaving Stateless and State-based Model Checking
[2] An improved NTP_{k,k+d} predicate, requiring only O(d)-sized SAT formulas rather than O(d²), is used in the HMC implementation and relies on the SINK control state having no outgoing transitions for terminating problems. Efficient State Space Exploration: Interleaving Stateless and State-based Model Checking
[3] For terminating programs, frontier-set-based state traversal in HMC is guaranteed to terminate after L steps where L is the longest program path, providing termination even though HMC does not accumulate the full reachable state set. Efficient State Space Exploration: Interleaving Stateless and State-based Model Checking